Because drive simulations can be helpful in a number of situations. The NDS converter can transcode NDS data into OpenDRIVE and vice versa. The NDS Association member companies decided to develop a data conversion tool for OpenDRIVE to support simulation activities of its members. Image source: Wikipedia OpenDRIVE and NDS The result is a precise 3-dimensional road definition. The basic principle for describing a road segment in OpenDRIVE is to first define a reference line (aka anchor line or road center line) and then attach various attributes to it. The data may be derived from manually created road networks, conversion of real-world map data, or data collected of real-world roads. Dynamic entities like cars, bikes, or pedestrians are not included. The data describes the exact road geometry, including surface properties, markings, signposting, and logical properties such as lane types and directions. Unlike other file formats, the description is typically used for simulation applications. Its main goal is the facilitation of data exchange between different driving simulators. The OpenDRIVE data format specification contains definitions for all static objects of a road network that allow realistic simulation of vehicles driving on roads. This is where the ASAM OpenDRIVE specification comes into play. Now, this can mean that engineers drive around in cars adorned with roughly hewn sheets of metal, or camouflaged with fancy swirls in black and white, but more often, it comes down to simulations – and lots of it. But before any car can hit the road, it needs to be thoroughly tested for all eventualities. In the last blog articles of our “Data for all” series, we’ve looked at standards that define how different, navigation-related kinds of data can be shared on the road – between vehicles, amongst ECUs or sensors, or with different manufacturers, suppliers, data providers or authorities. These performance values are promising compared to part-load operation of similar set-ups, making it clear that the new expander can bring a superior performance compared to standard converted scroll expanders.Data for all: Simulating logical road networks with OpenDRIVE 22. At these off-design conditions, the pump global efficiency reached was about 40%, the maximum thermal efficiency was 1.7% with expander isentropic efficiency almost 40% and volumetric efficiency about 30%, resulting to high internal leakages due to the low speed. The tests presented here concern the first series of results for hot water temperature up to 80 ☌ and low expander speed (580 Hz), limited by severe vibrations at higher speeds. The ORC has been installed at the laboratory for performance tests, which include the variation of heat input and hot water temperature. An open-drive scroll expander has been designed with optimized scroll geometry, manufactured, and then integrated in an ORC engine with net capacity of 6 kW. Due to supercritical operation, a new expander was necessary to be developed. These conditions correspond to supercritical state of the vapour organic fluid (R-404a) with designed thermal efficiency of 6%, which is higher than similar operation at subcritical conditions. According to the design, the heat input is 100 kW th with hot water temperature up to 100 ☌ and organic fluid pressure 40 bar. A novel open-drive scroll expander has been designed and included in a small-scale organic Rankine cycle (ORC) engine.
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